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👁 :50
how does alternating current work
Catagory:Education
Author:Thomas Commerford Martin
Posted Date:02/19/2025
Posted By:utopia online

The present section of this volume deals with polyphase currents, and the inventions by Mr. Tesla, made known thus far, in which he has embodied one feature or another of the broad principle of rotating field poles or resultant attraction exerted on the armature. It is needless to remind electricians of the great interest aroused by the first enunciation of the rotating field principle, or to dwell upon the importance of the advance from a single alternating current, to methods and apparatus which deal with more than one. Simply prefacing the consideration here attempted of the subject, with the remark that in nowise is the object of this volume of a polemic or controversial nature, it may be pointed out that Mr. Tesla's work has not at all been fully understood or realized up to date. To many readers, it is believed, the analysis of what he has done in this department will be a revelation, while it will at the same time illustrate the beautiful flexibility and range of the principles involved. It will be seen that, as just suggested, Mr. Tesla did not stop short at a mere rotating field, but dealt broadly with the shifting of the resultant attraction of the magnets. It will be seen that he went on to evolve the "multiphase" system with many ramifications and turns; that he showed the broad idea of motors employing currents of differing phase in the armature with direct currents in the field; that he first described and worked out the idea of an armature with a body of iron and coils closed upon themselves; that he worked out both synchronizing and torque motors; that he explained and illustrated how machines of ordinary construction might be adapted to his system; that he employed condensers in field and armature circuits, and went to the bottom of the fundamental principles, testing, approving or rejecting, it would appear, every detail that inventive ingenuity could hit upon.[Pg 8] Now that opinion is turning so emphatically in favor of lower frequencies, it deserves special note that Mr. Tesla early recognized the importance of the low frequency feature in motor work. In fact his first motors exhibited publicly—and which, as Prof. Anthony showed in his tests in the winter of 1887-8, were the equal of direct current motors in efficiency, output and starting torque—were of the low frequency type. The necessity arising, however, to utilize these motors in connection with the existing high frequency circuits, our survey reveals in an interesting manner Mr. Tesla's fertility of resource in this direction. But that, after exhausting all the possibilities of this field, Mr. Tesla returns to low frequencies, and insists on the superiority of his polyphase system in alternating current distribution, need not at all surprise us, in view of the strength of his convictions, so often expressed, on this subject. This is, indeed, significant, and may be regarded as indicative of the probable development next to be witnessed. Incidental reference has been made to the efficiency of rotating field motors, a matter of much importance, though it is not the intention to dwell upon it here. Prof. Anthony in his remarks before the American Institute of Electrical Engineers, in May, 1888, on the two small Tesla motors then shown, which he had tested, stated that one gave an efficiency of about 50 per cent. and the other a little over sixty per cent. In 1889, some tests were reported from Pittsburgh, made by Mr. Tesla and Mr. Albert Schmid, on motors up to 10 h. p. and weighing about 850 pounds. These machines showed an efficiency of nearly 90 per cent. With some larger motors it was then found practicable to obtain an efficiency, with the three wire system, up to as high as 94 and 95 per cent. These interesting figures, which, of course, might be supplemented by others more elaborate and of later date, are cited to show that the efficiency of the system has not had to wait until the present late day for any demonstration of its commercial usefulness. An invention is none the less beautiful because it may lack utility, but it must be a pleasure to any inventor to know that the ideas he is advancing are fraught with substantial benefits to the public.


Type:Science
👁 :88
pythagoras cup
Catagory:Biography
Author:From Referance
Posted Date:02/19/2025
Posted By:utopia online

Pythagoras is often referred to as the first pure mathematician. He was born on the island of Samos, Greece in 569 BC. Various writings place his death between 500 BC and 475 BC in Metapontum, Lucania, Italy. His father, Mnesarchus, was a gem merchant. His mother's name was Pythais. Pythagoras had two or three brothers. Some historians say that Pythagoras was married to a woman named Theano and had a daughter Damo, and a son named Telauges, who succeeded Pythagoras as a teacher and possibly taught Empedocles. Others say that Theano was one of his students, not his wife, and say that Pythagoras never married and had no children. Pythagoras was well educated, and he played the lyre throughout his lifetime, knew poetry and recited Homer. He was interested in mathematics, philosophy, astronomy and music, and was greatly influenced by Pherekydes (philosophy), Thales (mathematics and astronomy) and Anaximander (philosophy, geometry). Pythagoras left Samos for Egypt in about 535 B.C. to study with the priests in the temples. Many of the practices of the society he created later in Italy can be traced to the beliefs of Egyptian priests, such as the codes of secrecy, striving for purity, and refusal to eat beans or to wear animal skins as clothing. Ten years later, when Persia invaded Egypt, Pythagoras was taken prisoner and sent to Babylon (in what is now Iraq), where he met the Magi, priests who taught him sacred rites. Iamblichus (250-330 AD), a Syrian philosopher, wrote about Pythagoras, "He also reached the acme of perfection in arithmetic and music and the other mathematical sciences taught by the Babylonians..." In 520 BC, Pythagoras, now a free man, left Babylon and returned to Samos, and sometime later began a school called The Semicircle. His methods of teaching were not popular with the leaders of Samos, and their desire for him to become involved in politics did not appeal to him, so he left. Pythagoras settled in Crotona, a Greek colony in southern Italy, about 518 BC, and founded a philosophical and religious school where his many followers lived and worked. The Pythagoreans lived by rules of behavior, including when they spoke, what they wore and what they ate. Pythagoras was the Master of the society, and the followers, both men and women, who also lived there, were known as mathematical. They had no personal possessions and were vegetarians. Another group of followers who lived apart from the school were allowed to have personal possessions and were not expected to be vegetarians. They all worked communally on discoveries and theories. Pythagoras believed: • All things are numbers. Mathematics is the basis for everything, and geometry is the highest form of mathematical studies. The physical world can understood through mathematics. • The soul resides in the brain, and is immortal. It moves from one being to another, sometimes from a human into an animal, through a series of reincarnations called transmigration until it becomes pure. Pythagoras believed that both mathematics and music could purify. • Numbers have personalities, characteristics, strengths and weaknesses. • The world depends upon the interaction of opposites, such as male and female, lightness and darkness, warm and cold, dry and moist, light and heavy, fast and slow. • Certain symbols have a mystical significance. • All members of the society should observe strict loyalty and secrecy. Because of the strict secrecy among the members of Pythagoras' society, and the fact that they shared ideas and intellectual discoveries within the group and did not give individuals credit, it is difficult to be certain whether all the theorems attributed to Pythagoras were originally his, or whether they came from the communal society of the Pythagoreans. Some of the students of Pythagoras eventually wrote down the theories, teachings and discoveries of the group, but the Pythagoreans always gave credit to Pythagoras as the Master for: 1. The sum of the angles of a triangle is equal to two right angles. 2. The theorem of Pythagoras - for a right-angled triangle the square on the hypotenuse is equal to the sum of the squares on the other two sides. The Babylonians understood this 1000 years earlier, but Pythagoras proved it. 3. Constructing figures of a given area and geometrical algebra. For example they solved various equations by geometrical means. 4. The discovery of irrational numbers is attributed to the Pythagoreans, but seems unlikely to have been the idea of Pythagoras because it does not align with his philosophy the all things are numbers, since number to him meant the ratio of two whole numbers. 5. The five regular solids (tetrahedron, cube, octahedron, icosahedron, dodecahedron). It is believed that Pythagoras knew how to construct the first three but not last two. 6. Pythagoras taught that Earth was a sphere in the center of the Kosmos (Universe), that the planets, stars, and the universe were spherical because the sphere was the most perfect solid figure. He also taught that the paths of the planets were circular. Pythagoras recognized that the morning star was the same as the evening star, Venus. Pythagoras studied odd and even numbers, triangular numbers, and perfect numbers. Pythagoreans contributed to our understanding of angles, triangles, areas, proportion, polygons, and polyhedra. Pythagoras also related music to mathematics. He had long played the seven string lyre, and learned how harmonious the vibrating strings sounded when the lengths of the strings were proportional to whole numbers, such as 2:1, 3:2, 4:3. Pythagoreans also realized that this knowledge could be applied to other musical instruments. The reports of Pythagoras' death are varied. He is said to have been killed by an angry mob, to have been caught up in a war between the Agrigentum and the Syracusans and killed by the Syracusans, or been burned out of his school in Crotona and then went to Metapontum where he starved himself to death. At least two of the stories include a scene where Pythagoras refuses to trample a crop of bean plants in order to escape, and because of this, he is caught. The Pythagorean Theorem is a cornerstone of mathematics, and continues to be so interesting to mathematicians that there are more than 400 different proofs of the theorem, including an original proof by President Garfield. REFERANCE : https://www.mathopenref.com/pythagoras.html


Type:Science
👁 :10
Fast-food giant KFC leaves Kentucky home for Texas
Catagory:News
Author:João da Silva Business reporter
Posted Date:02/19/2025
Posted By:utopia online

KFC, the fast-food restaurant chain formerly known as Kentucky Fried Chicken, is moving its corporate headquarters in the US from Louisville in Kentucky to Plano in Texas, according to a statement from its parent company, Yum Brands. About 100 corporate employees and dozens more remote workers will be required to move and will receive relocation support. The decision by Yum Brands is part of a plan to have two headquarters for its main brands — KFC and Pizza Hut will be headquartered in Plano, while Taco Bell and Habit Burger & Grill will remain in Irvine, California. In recent years, many companies have relocated to Texas attracted by the state's lower taxes and business-friendly policies."These changes position us for sustainable growth and will help us better serve our customers, employees, franchisees and shareholders," said David Gibbs, the chief executive of Yum Brands in the company's statement. Yum also expressed hope the plan will boost collaboration between its employees and brands. The statement added that Yum will be maintaining it corporate offices as well as the KFC Foundation in Louisville. The governor of the state of Kentucky, Andy Beshea, has criticised the move to relocate KFC's headquarters, according to a statement given to the Associated Press. "I am disappointed by this decision and believe the company's founder would be, too," Mr Beshear reportedly said. "This company's name starts with Kentucky, and it has marketed our state's heritage and culture in the sale of its product." KFC's history in the state dates back to the 1930s, when its founder Colonel Harland Sanders began selling fried chicken at a service station in Corbin. Today, Sanders' face is emblazoned on the shop fronts of more than 24,000 KFC restaurants in over 145 countries and territories around the world. Since the pandemic, many US companies have moved their headquarters. According to a report by real estate services firm CBRE, Austin and other Texan cities have been particularly successful due to the state's business-friendly environment.


Type:Technology
👁 :59
THE EVOLUTION OF THE TELESCOPE
Catagory: History
Author: Louis Bell
Posted Date:02/19/2025
Posted By:utopia online

n the credulous twaddle of an essay on the Lost Arts one may generally find the telescope ascribed to far antiquity. In place of evidence there is vague allusion of classical times or wild flights of fancy like one which argued from the Scriptural statement that Satan took up Christ into a high mountain and showed him all the kingdoms of the earth, that the Devil had a telescope—bad optics and worse theology. In point of fact there is not any indication that either in classical times, or in the black thousand years of hopeless ignorance that followed the fall of Roman civilization, was there any knowledge of optical instruments worth mentioning. The peoples that tended their flocks by night in the East alone kept alive the knowledge of astronomy, and very gradually, with the revival of learning, came the spirit of experiment that led to the invention of aids to man’s natural powers. The lineage of the telescope runs unmistakably back to spectacles, and these have an honorable history extending over more than six centuries to the early and fruitful days of the Renaissance. That their origin was in Italy near the end of the thirteenth century admits of little doubt. A Florentine manuscript letter of 1289 refers to “Those glasses they call spectacles, lately invented, to the great advantage of poor old men when their sight grows weak,” and in 1305 Giordano da Rivalto refers to them as dating back about twenty years. Finally, in the church of Santa Maria Maggiore in Florence lay buried Salvino d’Amarto degli Armati, (obiit 1317) under an epitaph, now disappeared, ascribing to him the invention of spectacles. W. B. Carpenter, F. R. S., states that the inventor tried to keep the valuable secret to himself, but it was discovered and published before his death. At all events the discovery moved swiftly. By the early fourteenth century it had spread to the Low Countries where it was destined to lead to great results, and presently was common knowledge over all civilized Europe. It was three hundred years, however, between spectacles and the combination of spectacle lenses into a telescope, a lapse of time which to some investigators has seemed altogether mysterious. The ophthalmological facts lead to a simple explanation. The first spectacles were for the relief of presbyopia, the common and lamentable affection of advancing years, and for this purpose convex lenses of very moderate power sufficed, nor was material variation in power necessary. Glasses having a uniform focus of a foot and a half or thereabouts would serve every practical purpose, but would be no material for telescopes. Myopia was little known, its acquired form being rare in a period of general illiteracy, and glasses for its correction, especially as regards its higher degrees, probably came slowly and were in very small demand, so that the chance of an optical craftsman having in hand the ordinary convex lenses and those of strong negative curvature was altogether remote. Indeed it was only in 1575 that Maurolycus published a clear description of myopia and hypermetropia with the appropriate treatment by the use of concave and convex lenses. Until both of these, in quite various powers, were available, there was small chance of hitting upon an instrument that required their use in a highly special combination. At all events there is no definite trace of the discovery of telescopic vision until 1608 and the inventor of record is unquestionably one Jan Lippershey, a spectacle maker of Middelburg in Zeeland, a native of Wesel. On Oct. 2, 1608 the States-General took under consideration a petition which had been presented by Lippershey for a 30-year patent to the exclusive right of manufacture of an instrument for seeing at a distance, or for a suitable pension, under the condition that he should make the instrument only for his country’s service. The States General pricked up its ears and promptly appointed on Oct. 4 a committee to test the new instrument from a tower of Prince Maurice’s palace, allotting 900 florins for the purchase of the invention should it prove good. On the 6th the committee reported favorably and the Assembly agreed to give Lippershey 900 florins for his instrument, but desired that it be arranged for use with both eyes. Lippershey therefore pushed forward to the binocular form and two months later, Dec. 9, he announced his success. On the 15th the new instrument was examined and pronounced good, and the Assembly ordered two more binoculars, of rock crystal, at the same price. They denied a patent on the ground that the invention was known to others, but paid Lippershey liberally as a sort of retainer to secure his exclusive services to the State. In fact even the French Ambassador, wishing to obtain an instrument from him for his King, had to secure the necessary authorization from the States-General.


Type:Science
👁 :93
THE HUNTING OF THE INVISIBLE MAN
Catagory:Reading
Author:H. G. Wells
Posted Date:02/19/2025
Posted By:utopia online

For a space Kemp was too inarticulate to make Adye understand the swift things that had just happened. They stood on the landing, Kemp speaking swiftly, the grotesque swathings of Griffin still on his arm. But presently Adye began to grasp something of the situation. “He is mad,” said Kemp; “inhuman. He is pure selfishness. He thinks of nothing but his own advantage, his own safety. I have listened to such a story this morning of brutal self-seeking.... He has wounded men. He will kill them unless we can prevent him. He will create a panic. Nothing can stop him. He is going out now—furious!” “He must be caught,” said Adye. “That is certain.” “But how?” cried Kemp, and suddenly became full of ideas. “You must begin at once. You must set every available man to work; you must prevent his leaving this district. Once he gets away, he may go through the countryside as he wills, killing and maiming. He dreams of a reign of terror! A reign of terror, I tell you. You must set a watch on trains and roads and shipping. The garrison must help. You must wire for help. The only thing that may keep him here is the thought of recovering some books of notes he counts of value. I will tell you of that! There is a man in your police station—Marvel.” “I know,” said Adye, “I know. Those books—yes. But the tramp....” “Says he hasn’t them. But he thinks the tramp has. And you must prevent him from eating or sleeping; day and night the country must be astir for him. Food must be locked up and secured, all food, so that he will have to break his way to it. The houses everywhere must be barred against him. Heaven send us cold nights and rain! The whole country-side must begin hunting and keep hunting. I tell you, Adye, he is a danger, a disaster; unless he is pinned and secured, it is frightful to think of the things that may happen.” “What else can we do?” said Adye. “I must go down at once and begin organising. But why not come? Yes—you come too! Come, and we must hold a sort of council of war—get Hopps to help—and the railway managers. By Jove! it’s urgent. Come along—tell me as we go. What else is there we can do? Put that stuff down.” In another moment Adye was leading the way downstairs. They found the front door open and the policemen standing outside staring at empty air. “He’s got away, sir,” said one. “We must go to the central station at once,” said Adye. “One of you go on down and get a cab to come up and meet us—quickly. And now, Kemp, what else?” “Dogs,” said Kemp. “Get dogs. They don’t see him, but they wind him. Get dogs.” “Good,” said Adye. “It’s not generally known, but the prison officials over at Halstead know a man with bloodhounds. Dogs. What else?” “Bear in mind,” said Kemp, “his food shows. After eating, his food shows until it is assimilated. So that he has to hide after eating. You must keep on beating. Every thicket, every quiet corner. And put all weapons—all implements that might be weapons, away. He can’t carry such things for long. And what he can snatch up and strike men with must be hidden away.” “Good again,” said Adye. “We shall have him yet!” “And on the roads,” said Kemp, and hesitated. “Yes?” said Adye. “Powdered glass,” said Kemp. “It’s cruel, I know. But think of what he may do!” Adye drew the air in sharply between his teeth. “It’s unsportsmanlike. I don’t know. But I’ll have powdered glass got ready. If he goes too far....” “The man’s become inhuman, I tell you,” said Kemp. “I am as sure he will establish a reign of terror—so soon as he has got over the emotions of this escape—as I am sure I am talking to you. Our only chance is to be ahead. He has cut himself off from his kind. His blood be upon his own head.”


Type:Social
👁 :110
HOW TO INFLUENCE OTHERS THROUGH MENTAL IMAGERY
Catagory:Education
Author:Warren Hilton
Posted Date:02/12/2025
Posted By:utopia online

THE practical importance of the fact of mental imagery and of the individual differences in power of mental imagery is very great. They should be particularly taken into account in any business or profession in which one seeks to implant knowledge or conviction in the mind of another. The underlying principle in such cases is this: To the mind you are seeking to convince or educate, present your facts in as many different ways and as realistically as possible, so that there may be a variety of images, each serving as a clue to prompt the memory. We cannot do more at this point than indicate a few minor phases of the practical application of the principles of mental imagery. In the old days geography was taught simply with a book and maps. Today children also use their hands in molding relief maps in sand or clay, and mountains and rivers have acquired a meaning they never had before. In the days of the oral “spelling match” boys and girls were better spellers than products of a later school system, because they used not only the eye to see the printed word, the arm and hand to feel in writing it, but also the ear to hear it and the vocal muscles to utter it. And because of this fact oral spelling is being brought back to the schoolroom. If you have pianos to advertise, do not limit your advertisement to a beautiful picture of the mahogany case and general words telling the reader that it is “the best.” Pianos are musical instruments, and the descriptive words should first of all call up delightful auditory images in your reader’s mind. If you have for sale an article of food, do not simply tell your customer how good it is. Let him see it, feel it, and particularly taste it, if you want him to call for it the next time he enters your store. Turn, for example, to the advertisement of a certain brand of chocolate, facing. The daintily spread table, the pretty girl, the steaming cup, the evident satisfaction of the man, who looks accustomed to good living, these elements combine in a skilful appeal to the senses. Turn now to another advertisement of this same brand of chocolate, shown facing . The purpose here is to inform you as to the large quantity of cocoa beans roasted in the company’s furnaces. Whether this fact is of any consequence or not, the impression you get from the picture is of a wheelbarrow full of something that looks like coal being trundled by a dirty workman, while the shovel by the furnace door and the cocoa beans scattered about the floor remind one of a begrimed iron foundry. The only words that will ever sell anything are graphic words, picturesque words, words that call up distinct and definite mental pictures of an attractive kind. The more sensory images we have of any object the better we know it. If you want to make a first impression lasting, make it vivid. It will then photograph itself upon the memory and arouse the curiosity. A boy who is a poor visualizer will never make a good artist. A man who is a poor visualizer is out of place as a photographer or a picture salesman. No person with weak auditory images should follow music as a professio or attempt to sell phonographs or musical instruments or become a telephone or telegraph operator or stenographer. No man who can but faintly imagine the taste of things should try to write advertisements for articles of food. Remember the rule: To the mind you are seeking to convince or educate present your facts in as many different ways and as realistically as possible, so that there may be a variety of images, each serving as a clue to prompt the memory. You can put this rule to practical use at once. Try it. You will be delighted with the result.


Type:Education
👁 :351
James Watt
Catagory:Biography
Author:Robert Longley
Posted Date:02/15/2025
Posted By:utopia online

James Watt (January 30, 1736—August 25, 1819) was a Scottish inventor, mechanical engineer, and chemist whose steam engine patented in 1769 greatly increased the efficiency and range of use of the early atmospheric steam engine introduced by Thomas Newcomer in 1712. While Watt did not invent the steam engine, his improvements on Newcomer’s earlier design are widely regarded as having made the modern steam engine the driving force behind the Industrial Revolution. Early Life and Training James Watt was born on January 19, 1736, in Greenock, Scotland, as eldest of the five surviving children of James Watt and Agnes Moorhead. Greenock was a fishing village that became a busy town with a fleet of steamships during Watt's lifetime. James Jar’s grandfather, Thomas Watt, was a well-known mathematician and local schoolmaster. James Sr. was a prominent citizen of Greenock and a successful carpenter and shipwright who outfitted ships and repaired their compasses and other navigational devices. He also served periodically as Greenock’s chief magistrate and treasurer. Despite showing an aptitude for mathematics, young James' poor health prevented him from attending Greenock Grammar School regularly. Instead, he gained the skills he would later need in mechanical engineering and the use of tools by helping his father on carpentry projects. The young Watt was an avid reader and found something to interest him in every book that came into his hands. By age 6, he was solving geometrical problems and using his mother's tea kettle to investigate steam. In his early teens, he began to exhibit his abilities, particularly in mathematics. In his spare time, he sketched with his pencil, carved, and worked at the tool bench with wood and metal. He made many ingenious mechanical works and models and enjoyed helping his father repair navigational instruments. After his mother died in 1754, the 18-year-old Watt traveled to London, where he received training as an instrument maker. Though health problems prevented him from completing a proper apprenticeship, by 1756 he felt he had learned enough “to work as well as most journeymen.” In 1757, Watt returned to Scotland. Settling in the major commercial city of Glasgow, he opened a shop on the University of Glasgow campus, where he made and repaired mathematical instruments such as sextants, compasses, barometers, and laboratory scales. While at the university, he became friends with several scholars who would prove influential and supportive of his future career, including famed economist Adam Smith and British physicist Joseph Black, whose experiments would prove vital to Watt’s future steam engine designs. The Watt Steam Engine Watt came to realize that the greatest fault in the Newcomer steam engine was poor fuel economy due to its rapid loss of latent heat. While Newcomer engines offered improvements over earlier steam engines, they were inefficient in terms of quantity of coal burned to make steam vs. power produced by that steam. In the Newcomer engine, alternating jets of steam and cold water were injected into the same cylinder, meaning that with each up-and-down stroke of the piston, the cylinder’s walls were alternately heated, then cooled. Each time steam entered the cylinder, it continued to condense until the cylinder was cooled back down to its working temperature by the jet of cold water. As a result, part of the potential power from the steam’s heat was lost with each cycle of the piston. Retirement and Death Watt's work with Bolton transformed him into a figure of international acclaim. His 25-year-long patent brought him wealth, and he and Bolton became leaders in the technological Enlightenment in England, with a solid reputation for innovative engineering. Watt built an elegant mansion known as "Heath field Hall" in Hands worth, Staffordshire. He retired in 1800 and spent the rest of his life in leisure and traveling to visit friends and family. James Watt died on August 25, 1819 at Heath field Hall at the age of 83. He was buried on September 2, 1819. in the graveyard of St. Mary's Church in Hands worth. His grave is now located inside the expanded church. Legacy In a very meaningful way, Watt's inventions powered the Industrial Revolution and innovations of the modern age, ranging from automobiles, trains, and steamboats, to factories, not to mention the social issues that evolved as a result. Today, Watt's name is attached to streets, museums, and schools. His story has inspired books, movies, and works of art, including statues in Piccadilly Gardens and St. Paul's Cathedral. On the statue at St. Paul's are engraved the words: "James Watt … enlarged the resources of his country, increased the power of man, and rose to an eminent place among the most illustrious followers of science and the real benefactors of the world." Sources and Further Reference • Jones, Peter M. "Living the Enlightenment and the French Revolution: James Watt, Matthew Boulton, and Their Sons." The Historical Journal 42.1 (1999): 157–82. Print. • Hills, Richard L. "Power from Steam: A History of the Stationary Steam Engine." Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993. • Miller, David Philip. "'Puffing Jamie': The Commercial and Ideological Importance of Being a ‘Philosopher’ in the Case of the Reputation of James Watt (1736–1819)." History of Science, 2000, https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/007327530003800101. • "The Life and Legend of James Watt: Collaboration, Natural Philosophy, and the Improvement of the Steam Engine." Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 2019. • Pugh, Jennifer S., and John Hudson. "The Chemical Work of James Watt, F.R.S." Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London, 1985. • Russell, Ben. "James Watt: Making the World Anew." London: Science Museum, 2014. • Wright, Michael. "James Watt: Musical Instrument Maker." The Galpin Society Journal 55, 2002.


Type:Science
👁 :
Vance's blast at Europe ignores Ukraine and defence agenda
Catagory:News
Author:Frank Gardner Security Correspondent
Posted Date:02/15/2025
Posted By:utopia online

This year's Munich Security Conference (MSC) was supposed to be primarily about two things: how to end the war in Ukraine without giving in to Russia, and how Europe needed to boost its spending on defence. But the most senior American present, US Vice President JD Vance, used his time at the podium to talk about neither. Instead, he shocked delegates on Friday by roundly attacking Washington's allies, including Britain, in a blistering attack decrying misinformation, disinformation, and the rights of free speech. It was a very weird 20 minutes - one met largely with silence from delegates in the hall.Even a joke, "if American democracy can survive 10 years of [climate campaigner] Greta Thunberg scolding, you guys can survive a few months of Elon Musk", failed to raise a single laugh. He accused European governments of retreating from their values, and ignoring voter concerns on migration and free speech. Vance's speech went down very badly - unequivocally badly. It was extraordinarily poorly judged. But who was it aimed at? A US commentator said to me afterwards: "That was all for US domestic consumption." The vice president did, however, go on to meet the embattled Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelensky, who did his best to sound positive. The pair had "a good conversation", according to Zelensky, who said it marked "our first meeting, not last, I'm sure". The Ukrainian leader emphasised the need for Washington and Kyiv to speak more and work together "to prepare the plan [on] how to stop Putin and finish the war". "We want, really, we want peace very much. But we need real security guarantees," Zelensky added. According to US President Donald Trump, Russian President Vladimir Putin also wants peace, but that is peace on his terms. Unless those have secretly changed, they involve capitulation to Russia's demands and the permanent ceding of territory to Moscow.Vance's speech came days after President Trump effectively pulled the rug out from Ukraine's negotiating position by conceding, via his Defence Secretary Pete Hegseth, that restoring Ukraine's territory to where it was before the first Russian invasion in 2014 is simply "not realistic". The US also dashed Kyiv's hopes of joining Nato, a key ambition of President Zelensky, and ruled out sending US troops to help protect Ukraine's borders from the next time Russia decides to invade. Ahead of the Munich conference Europe was stunned by news that Trump had held an apparently cordial 90-minute phone call with Putin, thus abruptly ending the West's three-year freeze in talking to the Russian leader that has been in place since the time of the 2022 invasion.The delegates in Munich are scheduled to focus on the war in Ukraine in a high-profile debate on Saturday. The fear in Munich amongst European leaders and their delegations is that in Donald Trump's rush to secure a peace deal in Ukraine, Putin will emerge victorious, stronger and planning to seize more parcels of land in Europe.


Type:Technology
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