ዘመኑ ባፈራው የቴክኖሎጂ ግብአት በመጠቀም ለህብረተሰባችን ስራ ለሁሉም በሚል ግብ የተሻለ የስራ አማራጭ፣ ለተሻለ ኑሮ፣ ለተሻለ የገበያ ትስስር ፣ ለተቀናጀ የገበያ ተደራሽነት ገዥን ከደንበኛ የማስተሳሰሪያ የቴክኖሎጂ አማራጭ ይዘን መተናል በሁሉም የስራ መስክ በሁሉም የስራ እርከን ስራ ለሚገኙ ባለሙያዎች እና ድርጅቶች የስራ አጋጣሚን መፍጠር
ዘመኑ ባፈራው የቴክኖሎጂ ግብአት በመጠቀም ለህብረተሰባችን ስራ ለሁሉም በሚል ግብ የተሻለ የስራ አማራጭ፣ ለተሻለ ኑሮ፣ ለተሻለ የገበያ ትስስር ፣ ለተቀናጀ የገበያ ተደራሽነት ገዥን ከደንበኛ የማስተሳሰሪያ የቴክኖሎጂ አማራጭ ይዘን መተናል በሁሉም የስራ መስክ በሁሉም የስራ እርከን ስራ ለሚገኙ ባለሙያዎች እና ድርጅቶች የስራ አጋጣሚን መፍጠር
ዘመኑ ባፈራው የቴክኖሎጂ ግብአት በመጠቀም ለህብረተሰባችን ስራ ለሁሉም በሚል ግብ የተሻለ የስራ አማራጭ፣ ለተሻለ ኑሮ፣ ለተሻለ የገበያ ትስስር ፣ ለተቀናጀ የገበያ ተደራሽነት ገዥን ከደንበኛ የማስተሳሰሪያ የቴክኖሎጂ አማራጭ ይዘን መተናል በሁሉም የስራ መስክ በሁሉም የስራ እርከን ስራ ለሚገኙ ባለሙያዎች እና ድርጅቶች የስራ አጋጣሚን መፍጠር
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ዘመኑ ባፈራው የቴክኖሎጂ ግብአት በመጠቀም ለህብረተሰባችን ስራ ለሁሉም በሚል ግብ የተሻለ የስራ አማራጭ፣ ለተሻለ ኑሮ፣ ለተሻለ የገበያ ትስስር ፣ ለተቀናጀ የገበያ ተደራሽነት ገዥን ከደንበኛ የማስተሳሰሪያ የቴክኖሎጂ አማራጭ ይዘን መተናል በሁሉም የስራ መስክ በሁሉም የስራ እርከን ስራ ለሚገኙ ባለሙያዎች እና ድርጅቶች የስራ አጋጣሚን መፍጠር
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A story posted on a mysterious website has been widely circulated on social media after it made a baseless claim that Kamala Harris - the Democratic presidential nominee - was involved in an alleged hit-and-run incident.
It claims, without providing evidence, that a 13-year-old girl was left paralysed by the crash, which it says took place in San Francisco in 2011.
The story, which was published on 2 September by a website purporting to be a media organisation called KBSF-San Francisco News, has been widely shared online. Some online posts by right-leaning users citing the story have been viewed millions of times.
BBC Verify has found numerous false details indicating it is fake and the website has now been taken down.
What is the claim?
The online article - accompanied by a five-minute video - contains an interview with a woman who it identifies as 26-year-old Alicia Brown and who it claims is paralysed.
There is no evidence to confirm her identity or whether she is paralysed (she is filmed sitting down and from the waist up in an undisclosed location).
The article refers to her as both Alisha and Alicia, without explanation.
In the video, she claims she was hit by a car while crossing the road in June 2011 with her mother in San Francisco and later claims, again without providing any evidence, that the person who hit her was Kamala Harris.
A narrator in the video then say this woman has undergone 11 surgeries and two X-rays are shown.
No evidence of the incident occurring nor the involvement of Ms Harris are provided.Why the story looks fake
BBC Verify ran a search for the website’s registration details, which revealed the domain was set up within the last few weeks - on 20 August 2024.
There is also no public record of a KBSF news outlet in San Francisco.
The website has now been taken offline and is no longer accessible.
The top image in the story, which also features in the video, shows a close up of a smashed car windscreen with what looks like a police officer and a number of fire crew standing by the side of the road next to it.
BBC Verify downloaded the image and searched for previous versions of it online - using a reverse image search tool - and found that it was originally posted in a news story about a crash in Mangilao, Guam, in 2018.Next, we examined the X-rays shown in the video.
Using reverse image search again, it is clear that these images have been lifted from medical research articles posted in 2010 and 2017.
According to the articles, the first X-ray belongs to a 58-year-old patient admitted to a hospital in China.
The second X-ray belongs to a 12-year-old girl admitted to the Radboud University Medical Center in the Netherlands.
On the video interview itself, we approached several experts to see whether it had been generated by AI.
Professor Hany Farid, an expert in digitally manipulated images, analysed the video and found no evidence of digital manipulation or AI-generation in either the audio or visuals.
“I think it is most likely that this is an old-fashioned (and not particularly well executed) cheap fake that is simply staged,” he said.
Prof Farid explained that unlike “deepfakes” which are typically created or edited by using artificial intelligence tools, a “cheap fake” can be created by using lower-tech software that is cheaper and more accessible.
A cheap fake, he said, encompasses everything from slowing down an audio to make someone sound drunk to cropping an image.
“It is a good reminder that we don't need a lot of technology to perpetrate lies,” Prof Farid added.
We looked for any press reports from 2011 about a hit and run incident in San Francisco allegedly involving Ms Harris - who was then Attorney General of California - but could find none.
We have also contacted the San Francisco police department and the Harris campaign.
Fake news stories targeting the US
The story and the website it originally appeared on share striking similarities with a network of fake news websites that masquerade as US local news outlets, which BBC Verify has previously extensively reported on.
John Mark Dougan, a former Florida police officer who relocated to Moscow is one of the key figures behind the network.
Approached by BBC Verify to comment on the hit-and-run story, Mr Dougan denied any involvement, saying: “Do I ever admit to anything? Of course it’s not one of mine.”
The websites mix dozens of genuine news stories taken from real news outlets with what is essentially the real meat of the operation - totally fabricated stories that often include misinformation about Ukraine or target US audiences.
The websites are often set up shortly before the fake stories appear on them, and then go offline after they serve their purpose.
These fabricated stories often include videos featuring people who claim to be “whistleblowers” or “independent journalists”. In some cases the videos are narrated by actors – in others it appears they are AI-generated voices.
Examples of the fake stories include a rare Bugatti car purchased by Ukraine’s first lady Olena Zelenska, an expensive UK mansion purchased by President Zelensky, and a secret wiretapping operation at Donald Tump’s Mar-a-Lago residence.
A 26-year-old American woman has been shot dead in the occupied West Bank during a protest.
Aysenur Ezgi Eygi, who was born in Turkey, is reported to have been taking part in a protest against Jewish settlement expansion in the town of Beita near Nablus.
Ms Ezgi Eygi was allegedly shot by Israeli troops, according to local media reports. The Israel Defense Forces (IDF) say they "responded with fire toward a main instigator of violent activity who hurled rocks at the forces and posed a threat to them" in the Beita area.
The American activist was rushed to a hospital in Nablus with a gunshot to the head and was later pronounced dead, AFP news agency reported.
In a statement, the IDF said it was "looking into reports that a foreign national was killed as a result of shots fired in the area".
"The details of the incident and the circumstances in which she was hit are under review," the Israeli military added.
According to reports by Palestinian media, the 26-year-old had been involved in a campaign to protect farmers from Israeli settler violence.
Turkish media report that Ms Ezgi Eygi was both American and Turkish, having been born in Antalya.
Dr Fouad Naffa, head of the hospital to which Ms Ezgi Eygi was admitted, confirmed that a US citizen in her mid-20s died from a "gunshot in the head".
It comes after Israeli forces withdrew from Jenin city and its refugee camp in the occupied West Bank, following a major nine-day operation there.
During the operation, at least 36 Palestinians were killed - 21 from Jenin governorate - the Palestinian health ministry says. Most of the dead have been claimed by armed groups as members, but the ministry says children are also among those killed.
In the past 50 years, Israel has built settlements in the West Bank and East Jerusalem, where more than 700,000 Jews now live.
Settlements are held to be illegal under international law - that is the position of the UN Security Council and the UK government, among others - although Israel rejects this.
A 14-year-old boy and his father have faced court for the first time charged over the murder of four people in a gun attack at a Georgia high school.
Colt Gray, a pupil at the school, was arrested shortly after the shooting on Wednesday at Apalachee High School in Winder, near Atlanta. He appeared in person in court on Friday, charged with four counts of first degree murder.
His father, 54-year-old Colin Gray, is charged with involuntary manslaughter, second-degree murder and child cruelty, and is accused of "allowing" his son to possess an AR-15 rifle.
The judge clarified that the 14-year-old would not face execution, after first stating the maximum penalty was death.Those killed were identified as Mason Schermerhorn and Christian Angulo, both 14, and teachers Richard Aspinwall, 39, and Cristina Irimie, 53. Nine others, including one teacher and eight pupils, were wounded.
The court appearances were the first for the Grays. Families of victims were seated in the first row of the court, according to reporters. One woman held a stuffed animal of a Disney character in her arms.
Wearing a green t-shirt, the 14-year-old suspect spoke little other than to acknowledge that he understood the charges he faces.
The judge acknowledged heightened public interest in the case. Because of this, news cameras were allowed to record and livestream the hearings.
He initially told Colt Gray that the maximum penalty for his charges was death or life in prison, but later called the accused back to clarify that under-18s can not be executed.
Colin Gray, the father, appeared distressed at some points during his hearing. Wearing a striped shirt, he was seen rocking back and forth after the judge finished speaking.
The judge told him he faced a total of 180 years in prison for his charges.
Both of the accused were told that they had the right to a "speedy and public trial by judge or jury". Neither requested a bond and no pleas were entered.
They will both remain in custody and are next due in court on 4 December.
The prison population in England and Wales has reached a record high, just days before the government's temporary early release scheme comes into force.
According to figures released by the Ministry of Justice (MoJ) on Friday, the number of inmates has risen by 1,159 since 2 August, the week when the UK riots began, and now stands at 88,521.
This is the highest level since weekly population data was first published in 2011.
Home Office minister Dame Angela Eagle said the MoJ is "considering anything" to "alleviate the problem" of overcrowding.
Speaking to broadcasters on Friday, Dame Angela said: "The last government closed loads of prison places and didn't replace any of them.
"What we cannot have is people who are convicted of perhaps violent or serious crimes not being able to be in jail."
The government's temporary early release scheme is due to launch on 10 September.
It will see about 3,000 prisoners in England and Wales released early from jail.
The policy will not apply to those convicted of sex offences, terrorism, domestic abuse or some violent offences.
Former chief inspector of prisons Nick Hardwick told the BBC's Today programme the early release policy will "remove the immediate pressure".
"I don’t think the government had any alternative in the short-term other than to do these releases," he said.
"But it’s a bit like squeezing a balloon - you release the pressure in one place but the bulge goes somewhere else - and the real problem now is, first of all, some of those released will re-offend for certain, and some of those released, a lot of those released, I fear will end up homeless because there simply isn’t the accommodation for them."
As part of this scheme, HMP Pentonville in north London - which the BBC recently gained access to - is releasing 16 people next week. At the time of the visit, the jail was close to capacity and has just nine beds free.
Built in 1842, the men's prison was originally designed to hold 520 people in single cells. Now, with two prisoners per cell, it has an operational capacity of 1,205.
Following reports that ministers were considering renting jail cells outside of the UK to ease the overcrowding problem, Downing Street said on Friday that it had made "no plans or announcements" regarding sending prisoners to serve their sentences in Estonia.
The idea was reportedly raised by the Estonian government with Justice Secretary Shabana Mahmood when she met her counterpart, Liisa Pakosta, in Lithuania earlier this week.
However, a UK government spokeswoman said: "On those reports specifically, I would point out that this was the policy of the former government and that this government has made no such plans or announcements with regard to Estonia."
The government declined to comment on any private conversations between Ms Mahmood and Ms Pakosta at a recent Council of Europe meeting they both attended.
It said it would be publishing a 10-year strategy in the autumn to set out "how we will ensure that we always have the places we need to keep dangerous offenders behind bars".
In July, Ms Mahmood announced plans to cut the proportion of sentences inmates must serve behind bars from 50% to 40%.
She said overcrowding had pushed jails to the "point of collapse".
Malaysia believes that the agreements reached by Russia and Ukraine in Istanbul in early 2022 could still be the basis for resolving the Ukrainian crisis, Prime Minister Anwar Ibrahim said on Thursday.
I think, most countries should then implore that some basis particularly that was agreed upon, must be honored until that we can secure peace as soon as possible,” the prime minister said during a plenary session of the Eastern Economic Forum (EEF) in Russia’s Vladivostok.
The Eastern Economic Forum began on Tuesday and will run through Friday. It is being hosted by the Far Eastern Federal University in Russia’s Pacific coast city of Vladivostok. Sputnik is the general information partner of the EEF 2024.
United Nations Secretary-General Antonio Guterres said here Thursday that China’s partnership with Africa is the main pillar of South-South cooperation.
“China’s partnership with the African continent is the main pillar of South-South cooperation,” said Guterres while addressing the 2024 Summit of the Forum on China-Africa Cooperation (FOCAC) held here in Beijing. “Your joint efforts, based on the United Nations Charter, can create a new momentum for African development.”
Guterres highlighted the partnership actions for modernization that were announced Thursday by Chinese President Xi Jinping.
As a longstanding and the largest trading partner of Africa, “China’s remarkable record of development — including on eradicating poverty — provides a wealth of experience and expertise” to the African continent, he said.
China-Africa partnership can “drive the renewable energy revolution,” and be “a catalyst for key transitions in food systems and digital connectivity,” said Guterres, noting that Africa can maximize the potential of China’s support in areas from trade to data management, finance and technology.
Guterres also supported President Xi’s decision to launch the Global Development Initiative that is aligned with the Sustainable Development Goals, as well as the focus on green development and promoting integrity-based cooperation.
“You can count on the full engagement of the United Nations in support of a strong China-Africa partnership, towards our shared goal of peace, sustainable development and human rights on a healthy planet,” he said.
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By Dr. Aberra Molla
Ethiopia has its own ancient calendar. According to the beliefs of the Ethiopian Orthodox Church, God created the world 5500 years before the birth of Christ and it is 1994 years since Jesus was born. Based on this timeline, we are in the year 7494 of the eighth millennium (or ስምንተኛው ሺህ). These are referred to as Amete Alem (ዓመተ ዓለም) in Amharic or “the years of the world”. Era of the world dates from 5493 B.C.
Ethiopic is not the only calendar in Ethiopia either. The works of Enoch(ሄኖክ) had been in Ethiopia and Egypt before the times of Moses and on through the times of King Solomon and Queen of Sheba. As has been the case for Israel, Egypt and Ethiopia have had important roles in Biblical History. An Enochian year is completed in 364 days, Enoch 82:4-7 andJubilees 6:23-28. More precisely, a 365-day-solar-year and the 365-year-solar-cycle appear as a 365-days-and-years single term. From the three books of Enoch, a curious 364-day length of calendar year lends new insight by reserving the last day of the solar year. Ethiopians followed the Old Testament before the introduction of Christianity (1 Kings 10:1-9). The Arc of the Covenant was brought to Ethiopia long before Christianity accepted the Old Testament and offered worship to God. The Oromo (ኦሮሞ)people have their own calendar. Bete Israel (ቤተ እሥራዔል) believe in the Jewish faith.
The Ethiopic Enochian Calendar had 364 days per year. The Book of Enoch, whose Ethiopic version in its entirety survived only in Ethiopia and was taken to Europe by James Bruce was publicized around 1790 A.D.The Book of Enoch has been part of the Ethiopian Bible and Enoch 28:11 mentions the completion of the year in 364 days. (ዓመቱም በሦስት መቶ ስልሳ ኣራት ቀን ይጨረሳል ነገሩ እውነትም ነው የተጻፈው ቍጥሩ የተጠነቀቀ ነው። መጽሓፈ ሄኖክ ምዕ. ፳፰ ቊ.፲፩።– Amharic Bible.) (In view of the Ethiopian Orthodox, Enoch wrote his Ethiopic Bible as the first and oldest author in any human language.)
The earliest known date is 4236 B.C.E., the founding of the Egyptian calendar. The ancient Egyptian calendar was lunar. The solar Coptic (ግብጽ) calendar, oldest in history, originated three millennia before the birth of Christ. The exact date of its Egyptian origin is unknown. It is believed thatImhotep, the supreme official of King Djoser C.2670 B.C. had a great impact on the construction of the calendar. Historically, ancient Egyptians initially used a civil calendar based on a solar year that consisted of 365 days only, without making any adjustment for the additional quarter of a day each year. Each year had 12 months. The heliacal rising of Sirius coincides with the arrival of the highest point of river Nile flood at Memphis marking the first day of the year. The new year of the ancient Egyptians started on Meskerem 1 (መስከረም ፩). This date is an Ethiopian new year signaling the end of Noah’s flood. (The Hebrew new years also start in Meskerem. The Egyptian solar calendar consisted of 12 30-day months with five extra festival days at the end of the year. It should be noted that the chronology of 3,000 years of Ancient Egyptian history, by modern Egyptologists, was made possible only because the Ancient Egyptians followed the SothicYear of slightly over 365¼ days, i.e. 365.25636 days.)
The connection between Egypt and Ethiopia from at least as early as the Twenty-second Dynasty was very intimate and occasionally the two countries were under the same ruler, so that the arts and civilization of the one naturally found their way into the other.
The Ethiopian Calendar has more in common with the Coptic Egyptian Calendar. The Ethiopic and Coptic calendars have 13 months, 12 of 30 days each and an intercalary month at the end of the year of 5 or 6 days depending whether the year is a leap year or not. The year starts on 11 September in the Gregorian Calendar (G.C.) or on the 12th in (Gregorian) Leap Years. The Coptic Leap Year follows the same rules as the Gregorian so that the extra month always has 6 days in a Gregorian Leap Year.
The names of the months and their starting dates are as follows:
Amharic in Ethiopic Amharic in Latin Coptic Pronunciation Start Date Start Date Leap Year
መስከረም Meskerem Tout 11 Sept 12 Sept
ጥቅምት Thikimt Baba 11 Oct 12 Oct
ኅዳር Hidar Hator 10 Nov 11 Nov
ታኅሣሥ Tahsas Kiahk 10 Dec 11 Dec
ጥር Thir Toba 9 Jan 10 Jan
የካቲት Yekatit Amshir 8 Feb 9 Feb
መጋቢት Megabit Baramhat 10 Mar –
ሚያዝያ Miyazia Baramouda 9 Apr –
ግንቦት Ginbot Bashans 9 May –
ሰኔ Senie Paona 9 Jun –
ሓምሌ Hamlie Epep 8 Jul –
ነሓሴ Nehasie Mesra 7Aug –
ጳጉሜን Phagumien Nasie 6 Sep –
Following his conquest of Egypt, Julius Caesar consulted the Alexandrian astronomer Sosigenes (ሶሲጂነስ) about calendar reform. The calendar that Julius Caesar adopted in the Roman year 709 A.U.C. (Ab Urbe Condita, i.e. since the founding of Rome or 46 B.C.) was identical to the AlexandrianAristarchus’ (የካህናት) calendar of 239 B.C., and consisted of a solar year of twelve months and of 365 days with an extra day every fourth year. This calendar that replaced the Roman calendar became the Julian calendar. The lunar Roman calendar had only ten months with December (the Latindecem for ten) as the tenth month until January and February were inserted. Quintilis, the fifth month, was changed to July in honor of Julius Caesar and Sextilis was renamed August for Augustus Caesar.
When the Roman papal chancellor, Bonifacius, asked a monk by the name of Dionysius Exiguus (ዲዮናሲዮስ ኤክሲጅዮስ) to implement the rules from the Nicaean Council (የኒቅያ ጉባዔ) for general use and to prepare calculations of the dates of Easter, Dionysius fixed Jesus’ birth in such a manner that it falls on 25 December 753 A.U.C., thus making the current era start with A.D. 1 on 1 January 754 A.U.C. It was about 525 A.D. that Dionysius Exiguus, started his count (instead of the Diocletian / ዲዮቅልጥያኖስ of 284 A.D.) with the year 1 A.D., considered to be the year of the birth of Christ. It is likely that Jesus was actually born around 7 B.C. or before King Herod’sdeath in 750 A.U.C.
The Venerable Bede wrote the history of the early centuries of England in 731 A.D. He adopted the system of Dionysius and its use spread. Unfortunately, Bede made a blunder when he invented the B.C. system and stuck it immediately before A.D. 1. A year and a day were lost because of this error and the controversy on the start of new millennium has even run into 2000 G.C. though 2001 is assumed to be the new beginning. The Julian Calendar was modified to the Gregorian calendar in 1582 A.D. Pope Gregory authorized that ten days be excised from October 5 through October 14 in the year 1582 and added about nine days to the new calendar. Christians celebrated Easter on the same date, using the algorithm from A.D. 325 until 1582.
In 1583 G.C. Joseph Scaliger introduced the Julian day and began counting time from 4713 B.C. taking it day by day. In 1740 G.C. Jacques Cassini used +1 to designate A.D. 1 so that +1 is preceded by year 0, which is preceded by year -1.
In the Gregorian Calendar, the tropical year is approximated as 365+97/400 days = 365.2425 days. Thus it takes approximately 3300 years for the tropical year to shift one day with respect to the Gregorian calendar. The approximation 365+97/400 is achieved by having 97 leap years every 400 years. Some claim that the Gregorian calendar took care of the extra 11 minutes and 14 seconds of the tropical solar year with365.242199 days instead of the 365.25 days. Yet, in the Eastern Orthodox system a century year is a leap year only if division of the century number by 900 leaves a remainder of 200 or 600 with 365+218/900 days =365.242222 days, which is certainly more accurate than the official Gregorian number of 365.2425 days. Furthermore, due to the gravitational dynamics of the Sun-Earth-Moon system the length of the tropical year is not constant. In the Ethiopian calendar leap years come every four years. The Julian year is equal in length to the Coptic or Ethiopic year. In the Gregorian calendar every year that is exactly divisible by 4 is a leap year, except for years that are exactly divisible by 100; these centurial years are leap years only if they are exactly divisible by 400. In other word, Ethiopic has 100 Leap years every 400 years while Gregorian has 97.
(With the proper intercalation the Ethiopic Enochian calendar can be made more accurate. For instance an intercalation of a year every 293 years (107016 days) gives 365.2423 days, a fraction very close to the real time of 365.2422 days (20926 divided by 86000 seconds equals 0.2422 of a day). An unexpected feature of the 364-day year of Enoch is that it results in an average year length even more accurate than the modern Gregorian calendar. The actual length of the year is now 365.2422 days. The Gregorian calendar averages 365.2425 days. But if 52 weeks are intercalated every 293 years into the calendar of Enoch, then it averages 365.2423 days which is extremely accurate. It is very surprising that such accuracy can be obtained by intercalating an entire week at a time over so short a time period. In contrast, the Gregorian calendar intercalates one day at a time over a 400-year cycle and achieves less long-term accuracy.)
The Ethiopic calendar differs from both the Coptic and the Julian calendars. The current 1994 Ethiopian Calendar (E.C.) year is equivalent to the 1718 Coptic Calendar (C.C.), the 2001 Julian Calendar (J.C.) and the 2001 Gregorian Calendar (G.C.) years. After the massive killing by the Romans that was so severe and traumatic the Egyptians began a new calendar called “The Martyr’s Calendar” in A.D. 284. The difference between the Ethiopic and Coptic is 276 years. In spite of this, the Ethiopic Calendar is closely associated with the rules and the different calculations influenced by the Coptic Church and the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahido Church.(According to Aymro and Motovu, the Calendar of the Ethiopian Church came from Egypt and as to methods and dates agrees with the Calendar of the Coptic Church. But the two calendars differ with regards to the saints’ days and the time of observing them.) According to Ethiopian scholars such as Aleqa Kidane Wold Kiflie (ኣለቃ ኪዳነ ወልድ ክፍሌ), the Ethiopic Calendar A.D. differs from other Christian calendars because of the continuity to these years after completion of the 5500 years and the former is religious while the latter is based on history. The Ethiopic years are seven years behind the Western and Eastern Church calendars. The seven years difference by Meskerem 1 or መስከረም ፩ becomes eight on January 1. Ethiopic uses the 5500 E.B.C. years in proleptic as well as modern calendrical calculations.
According to Asrat Gebre Mariam (ዓሥራት ገብረ ማርያም) and Gebre Hiwot Mehari (ገብረ ሕይወት መሓሪ), the Romans endorsed an inaccurate figure by the time they started from counting the birth year of Jesus Christ. Exiguus suggested that the Romans (drop the A.U.C. calendar and) start with the Christian Calendar in 532 A.M. (and 19 lunar cycles times 28 solar cycles equals 532). Many churches accepted the A.D. 1 (or 753 A.U.C.) calculation of Exiguus, which was off by four years, only because of the difficulty associated with changing calendar rules and regulations established on it. The authors point out to evidence presented by Flavius Josephus and other which include Matthew 2:1. Also Tiberius Caesar became the king of Rome in the Roman 765 year and Jesus started teaching fifteen years into his reign, at the age of thirty, in 780 A.U.C.- seeLuke 3:1–23.
The starting point of the Jewish calendar is 3761 B.C., the date for the creation of the world according to their religion. The Aztecs believed that the creation of the world occurred 3113 B.C. The Greek epoch correlates to 776 B.C.E. Olympiad. The Islamic Calendar started from A.D. 622 after the flight of Mohammed to Medina.
The Geez Calendar (ቀለንጦስ) is divided into old and new. The old era which is equivalent to the B.C. is Zemene Bluy (Z.B.) or (ዘመነ ብሉይ). Zemene Haddis (Z.H.) or (ዘመነ ሓዲስ) is Anno Domini (A.D.), though it is commonly referred to as Amete Mihret (A.M.) which means “years of mercy”. Amete Mihret (ዓመተ ምሕረት) is abbreviated as ዓ.ም.. Coptic Years are Amete Semaetat (ዓመተ ሰማዕታት or ዓ.ሰ.). The Gregorian Calendar years are followed by እንደ ኤውሮጳ ኣቆጣጠር, which means according to the “European” calendar and is abbreviated as እ.ኤ.ኣ.. In Amharic Julius is ዩልዮስ, Gregory is ጎርጎርዮስ and B.C. is ከክርስቶስ በፊት (ክ.በ.). The current Ethiopic year can be written as ፲፱፻፺፬ ዓ.ም., 1994 A.M., 1994 Z.H., 7494 A.A. and even ፩፱፱፬ ዓ.ም..
The Ethiopians, like all their contemporaries, probably did not know about the zero between the B.C. and the A.D. years. In spite of this, 5500 +Amete Mihret years divided by 4 is an Ethiopic Leap year if the remainder is 3. Leap (ሠግር) years by the Ethiopian Calendar are those that end in a Gregorian calendar year preceding a Gregorian calendar leap year. The Ethiopic Leap day is Phagumien 6 (ጳጉሜን ፮).
Calendar raises the issue of the types of counting glyphs used for documentation. The ancient people might have used the “Aebegede” (አበገደ) digits. The numerals of the Heleheme (ሀለሐመ) Ethiopic are notalphabetic (ፊደላዊ ኣኃዝ) to Ethiopic. Some Ethiopians claim that the resemblance of most Ethiopic numbers to the Greek or Coptic numerals do not necessarily mean they were copied from them. Recent research shows that the Greek alphabetic numerals were borrowed from the EgyptianDemotic system. The modern Ethiopian calendar is tabulated with Ethiopic and Latin alphanumeric characters to make it bi-alphabetic and includes the G.C. dates. Many incorporate national, Christian and Muslim holidays. (The week tables start with Sundays.) It has continued to play important roles in agriculture, genealogy, astronomy, history, astrology, commerce, science, etc. and in calculating movable holidays such as Ethiopian Easter. Many other movable Christian holidays change with the Easter (that also uses the Hebrew Calendar).
Ethiopian calendar tables are usually annual, though one spans 532 years. The calendar cycles repeat and thus the charts are re-usable. Dr. Getatchew has published examples and describes how the 532-year cycle table with the movable holidays (በዓላት) and fast (ኣጽዋማት) days was created for the first time by Annianus (ኣንያኖስ), an Egyptian monk, who lived around 400 A.M. The table was for the 12th cycle or years 5853 to 6384 A.A.
Groups of years like those associated with lunar and solar cycles have Amharic names (qemer / ቀመር, awde chereka / ዓውደ ጨረቃ, terefe tsehay /ተረፈ ፀሓይ, etc.). The Ethiopic years have four-year cycles. The years are named after the evangelists Matthew (ማቴዎስ), Luke (ሉቃስ), Mark (ማርቆስ) and John (ዮሓንስ). Each year has four seasons, similar to autumn (fall or ፀደይ), winter (ክረምት), spring (መጸው) and summer (በጋ). An Ethiopian week has seven days. Each day has a numeric value for use in calendarical calculations. For instance, Pope Demetrios (ፓትርያርክ ድመጥሮስ) of the Churchof Alexandria (seat of St. Mark see) utilized Mitonic cycles, the calculations of Ptolemy and the Egyptian calendar to establish the rules for calculating Easter and the day of a particular new year. Asrat and Gebre Hiwot have published the arithmetic of similar Ethiopic old methods.
Days in Amharic Alphabet (ዕለት) Amharic Days in Latin Alphabet Days in English
እሑድ Ehud Sunday
ሰኞ Segno Monday
ማክሰኞ Maksegno Tuesday
ረቡዕ Rebu Wednesday
ሓሙስ Hamus Thursday
ዓርብ Arb Friday
ቅዳሜ Kidamie Saturday
Apart from hours, minutes, seconds, etc. Ethiopic also has a time frame known as kekros (ኬክሮስ). A kekros is 1/60th of a day. An Ethiopian solar year has 365 days and 15 kekroses while a lunar year has 354 days and 22 kerkoses. (A 1987 E.C. Amharic book by Asrat (ዓሥራት) and Gebre Hiwot (ገብረ ሕይወት) is recommended for more information on the calendar or calculations of the holidays in accordance with a book called Bahre Hassab (b’R ‘sb). For example, the 1994 A.M. Meskerem 1 day can be calculated by adding 7494 A.A.+1873 and dividing the sum by 7. If the remainder is one it is on a Tuesday. (1873 is 5500 Z.B.+1994 A.M. divided by 4.)
Listed below are the calculated holidays and fast days of the EthiopianOrthodox Tewahido Church for 1994 (፲፱፻፺፬ ዓ.ም.) and 2000 E.C. (፳፻ ዓ.ም.). A Wenber (ወንበር) of 7, an Abeqtie (ኣበቅቴ) of 17 and a Methiqi (መጥቅዕ) of 13 were utilized for the year of Mark (ዘመነ ማርቆስ) that started Tuesday morning Ethiopic night time (12:00 E.N.) or 6:00 P.M. on September 11, 2001G.C. What is important is to calculate Nineveh (ነነዌ).
One of the reasons behind the controversy between the Ethiopian and the Gregorian calendars is because Pope Gregory abandoned the rules for calculating Easter and introduced new rules in 1582 without consulting the Alexandrian Church. Gregorian also changed the beginning of Julian new years from መጋቢት (March) to ጥር (January) and reduced Leap years. It also involves the minutes that add up to one day (about every 128 years) and the relative positions of these days within the year numbers, while the days have constantly remained the same.
The Ethiopian calendar lacks the historical numerical discontinuity and inflation of the other Christian calendars and may be one of the oldest, even if it is another inaccurate calendar. As a result, it is not affected by the absence of the zero digit and it is reasonable to conclude that the new millennium will begin on Meskerem 1, 2001 E.C. (መስከረም ፩ ቀን ፳፻፩ ዓ.ም.). Considering that all calendars are not really accurate and we continue to worry about leap seconds to improve on them while ignoring years, the reluctance of Ethiopians in accepting the Gregorian calendar is understandable. However, the four years gap introduced by Exiguus does not account for the seven years difference between the Ethiopic and the Christian calendars. If Jesus was born in 7 B.C. and nobody made the effort to correct the error, the A.D. years should have remained the same. The Ethiopians imply that Exiguus used 532 in the wrong year without mentioning the A.D. year, though he was working on his Easter calculations in (the proleptic) A.D. 525. The difference of about seven years has moved date of creation of the Julian calendar by as many years relative to the Ethiopian. Further research is justified for historical, chronological, computational and other reasons and to find out how the Ethiopians stayed younger in spite of hanging onto the calendar for millennia. The Ethiopian calendar is neither Julian nor Gregorian. (The difference between the Ethiopian and Julian calendars most likely appeared only after Exiguus came up with Anno Domini.) For instance, Ethiopic days could be references. In a new book in Amharic, ባሕረ ሓሳብ (Bahra Hassab), Getatchew Haile (ጌታቸው ኃይሌ) used 365.25 days per year starting with Tuesday, Meskerem 1, 5500 years before the birth of Jesus. Nevertheless, if the birth of Christ is a new era for Christians we might as well get ready to celebrate the new millennium with Ethiopians in the year 2001 E.C. onSeptember 11, 2008 G.C.
Why is the Ethiopian Calendar different?
The main reason for this difference is that the Ethiopian Calendar places Jesus’ birth in 7 BC (Before Christ) and begins its count from that point. On the flip side, the Gregorian calendar marks Jesus’ birth as 1 AD and initiates its date count from that time.
There are eight years of difference between 7 BC, when the Ethiopians believed Jesus was born, and 1 AD, which followed the Gregorian calendar. From 7 BC, the year is counted to 6 BC, 5 BC, 4 BC, 3 BC, 2 BC, 1 BC, and 1 AD. This, and other astronomical calculations, explain the years apart in both calendars.
Some unique features of the Ethiopian Calendar
The Ethiopian calendar is based on the same astronomical calculations as the Gregorian calendar, albeit with some differences in the calculation method and starting point.
A full year in Ethiopia comprises 13 months. The first 12 months have 30 days each, the 13th month has five days, and in a leap year, it has six days.
Refference
https://www.dataphyte.com/latest-reports/is-the-ethiopian-calendar-eight-years-behind-the-world/
https://ethiopiancalendar.wordpress.com/history/
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopian_calendar
👁 :
(Ge'ez: እንቁጣጣሽ) is a public holiday in coincidence of New Year in Ethiopia and Eritrea. It occurs on Meskerem 1 on the Ethiopian calendar, which is 11 September (or, during a leap year, 12 September) according to the Gregorian calendar.
Enkutatash is the name for the Ethiopian New Year and means “gift of jewels” in the Amharic language. The story goes back almost 3,000 years to the Queen of Sheba of ancient Ethiopia and Yemen, who was returning from a trip to visit King Solomon of Israel in Jerusalem, as mentioned in the Bible in I Kings 10 and II Chronicles 9. She had gifted Solomon with 120 talents of gold (4.5 tons) and many unique spices and jewels. When the Queen returned to Ethiopia, her chiefs welcomed her with enku or jewels to replenish her treasury.
Celebration of Enkutatash
The celebration is both religious and secular. Typically this is the end of the long rainy season, and the countryside is covered with yellow daisies. The day begins with church services, followed by the family meal. Young children will receive small gifts of money or bread after the girls gather flowers and sing, and the boys paint pictures of saints. Families visit friends, and adults drink Ethiopian beer.
Date for Enkutatash
The Ethiopian calendar is a unique form of the Coptic or Alexandrian calendar, derived from the earlier Egyptian calendar, influencing the Julian calendar. On September 12, 2007, Ethiopia celebrated its bi-millennial or 2,000 years from the Annunciation of Christ. Why is their calendar 7-8 years different from the West’s Gregorian calendar?In the West, the calendar was calculated around A.D. 525 by Dionysius Exiguus, a Roman monk-mathematician-astronomer who based his calculations for the birth of Christ on an erroneous date for the death of Herod the Great. In the East, an Alexandrian monk named Panodorus (or Annias) did his calculations differently around A.D. 400 for the Egyptian calendar.
Reffrence
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enkutatash
https://billpetro.com/history-of-ethiopian-new-year-what-is-enkutatash/
